To put it shortly, a good persuasive essay in academia often expects an attempt at presenting "both sides." If I wrote this essay I would include some bits about "some speculate that AI could do x,y,z, which could be beneficial if true, but at what cost?" And then go into all the problems with ai. Closing paragraph something like "so while some promote ai as a positive thing for x y z, we see that these things aren't actually happening and the amount of detrimental issues that ai manifests in exchange for a promise of future return isn't worth it" kind of thing
Ultimately you are only supposed to be graded on the merits of the essay and not if the professor agrees with your conclusions so if there is a grading issue in that regard you could contest the grade with the dean or whoever runs the department