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I live in Japan, and of course there are formal ways to say everything, but in formal and polite situations, people actually try to avoid saying 'you' (anata, 貴方) as much as possible. Because even that can feel too personal. I only see it in writing that addresses the reader indirectly, like in surveys.
If you do address or refer to them, you typically use their title/position (e.g., 'sensei' for doctors and teachers, 'Mr. President'), or name and appropriate honorific (e.g., Tanaka-san).
P.S., a lot of what might've been archaically formal and polite ways to say 'you' have become ironically rude and/or condescending. Like, 'KISAMA!' (貴様), kimi (君) (sovereign/lord), onushi (お主) (lord).
You can do something similar in English through sarcastic statements with inappropriately polite forms of address. e.g. saying "Well, excuse me, sire!" to someone with a sassy tone of voice should be interpreted as "I'm offended" or "I can't believe you just did that, you asshole" or similar depending on context.
Yes this! With my family and friends I don't think I've ever used anata. It feels almost as confrontational to me as the actual formal ways