there are lots of cheatsheets out there but the best way to learn commands is practice. different people will use different commands, so you may not need to spend time learning ffmpeg syntax whereas others find it invaluable. Google is your friend while learning. if you have a Linux question, chances are someone else has had the same question and posted about it online. as far as basics go, spend some time learning about grep and find, they are probably the two most valuable basic commands imo outside of the common ls/mkdir/etc.
as for sudo, it's just "superuser do" so it's essentially the same as hitting run as admin in windows. lots of times if you try to run a command without sudo that needs it, you'll get a permission error which reminds you to run as superuser. it eventually becomes second nature to say "ah, this command needs direct access to a hardware device or system files" which means it'll need to be run with sudo.
that line about revolution only applies when society is used to not being hungry. unfortunately, it's already common for Americans to skip meals to save some cash. I'm not holding my breath (but would loved to be surprised ofc).