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So precognition is a force power. Which means that Anakin, the most powerful force user in the universe, almost assuredly knew the answer some time before he actually heard it. He waited until it was socially appropriate to act indignant, and I find that hilarious.
Not all force users have all force powers though, regardless of level of ability.
Also, the more one "uses" the force actively, the less one can "listen" passively to what it may tell.
And Anakin famously did not like to listen to anyone:-).
If he searched his feelings more, he would have known it to be true. But because he gave himself over emotionally to the Dark Side too, he cut off that part of himself.
He's a chainsaw that takes down entire redwoods, but refuses to tackle the hedges outside his home
"And he was a good friend."
"SERIOUSLY?"
Missed opportunity to have Vader cut off the hand as a reaction