Modded Minecraft is the best I can think of.

Maybe Ark Survival? You go from caveman to future tech. There's dinosaurs and I like the story.

Eco could fit your description.

There is a single player option but the game is way more interesting as a multiplayer game.

You have 30 days to avoid a meteorite destroying your world. You start on a wild planet and you need to progress through several technological advancement to build a laser able to destroy the asteroid.

You have some classical resource collection and processing. However where it become interesting is the fact that every action impact the environment, slowly first then more drastically towards the end.

If the miner left his tailing on the ground untreated then it will slowly pollute the ground and impact the production of the farmer.

If one of the woodcutter cut too much woods in the forest then you create some deforestation, less trees means less pollutions to be absorbed. The hunter can hunt some animals species to extinction or help them to thrive.

Since it's a multiplayer game there is the possibility of voting laws to protect some lands and which money will be used for global exchange.

It's a fascinating game, unfortunately it is quite time consuming and not very polished but I love the concept.

Valheim is pretty fun

Depending on how you feel about Minecraft, Vintage Story might be something like what you're looking for

Rimworld with a lot of mods. There's also kenahi, a game that has way worse mod support but is in 3d. A little rusty in the lore but I think it's technically a post apocalypse game but it's like 10000 years or more after a societal collaspe of an unspecified type and not on earth.

Not sure if this is what you’re talking about, but Ancestors sounds like it might meet some of that criteria.

Craftopia has technological ages progression.

This is going to be an oddball suggestion, but quite a unique gaming experience, in my opinion: NodeCore

It's basically Minecraft meets puzzling to progress through technologies.

The game is rather difficult. And it being so niche, there's no wiki to tell you the solutions, except for actual Wikipedia, because somehow it's relatively realistically modelled.
As such, it has this feeling of being the first human to figure these things out and I found it massively rewarding when I pushed through some of the more complex puzzles.

The whole game is completely free. Just download the Minetest engine/launcher and search for "NodeCore" in the Content-tab.

Icarus comes to mind

Modded minecraft, civ (but that might not be the type of game your looking for) and maybe factorio

Don't Starve probably isn't the first thing you'd think of but it does fit quite well.

Vintage Story, hands down!

Mooching off OP's post to say: bonus points if the game is 2 player couch co-op 😊

Have you tried The Universim?

The ones I know are already listed. Like Arc Survival, RimWorld, Eco.

But there's also 7days2die which has a post apocalyptic zombie setting though.

Farthest Frontier, like Anno, they are strategy games though.

Modded Minecraft is probably your best bet, as so make you go from stone tools to scifi jetpacks with laser guns.

It may not be exactly what you’re looking for, but this sounds a lot like the Myst series.