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In the GDP calculation, the Official Inflation figure is used to "deflate" (so, reduce) the Nominal GDP (i.e. in dollars, including inflation) into the Real GDP, which is the Official one and is supposedly free of inflation hence can be compared to previous years.
Now, if you're in the US (also in other countries, but the US seems to be extra bad in this) look around at the price of your weekly shopping (don't forget to include shrinkflation) and house prices and tell me that the inflation is really just 2.9%.
Even better, ask somebody old enough to remember how much their salary bought back in the 60s and then use some online inflation adjustment calculator and converts that salary value to present day value (using the official inflation figures over the years) and see how much it buys (hint: what was enough to support a family of 5 with a house and a decent car back then is barelly enough to rent a one-room appartment nowadays).
And this is just how the bullshit Official Inflations pumps up GDP numbers which in turn lets politicians loudly celebrate how much GDP "growth" there was under their administration.
Then go into how the Nominal GDP itself is created - for example house prices feed into GDP via something called "Inputted Rent" were a homeowner is treated as renting their own house from themselves, said "rent" being treated as adding to GDP. Not only is the notion that merelly living in your home actually creates wealth some serious bollocks, but also this process means that realestate bubbles (such as the one that regularly keeps on getting inflated) actually add to GDP - in other words that house prices going up driven by speculation somehow make the real value (i.e. in terms of what it provides to people living it, which how this GDP supposedly is "created") of properties go up even though those properties weren't improved in any way form or shape and are just worth more because they've become part of an "investment asset class".
All this to say that US GDP is complete total bullshit.
Same applies to most other Western countries, by the way, but the US seems to be one of the ones where such official numbers are extra fraudulent.
It's not just for China that one has to look at indirect indicators such as electric power usage to figure out what's really going on.
Debt is not part of the GDP directly but it does boost the GDP if it's used to create what the Official GDP defines as "values" (a significant slice of which, as I pointed above, is bullshit).
Of course the really fun bit is that in the modern age it's debt that creates most of the money in circulation (over 90%, at least in most countries in the West) - basically when banks make a loan, unlike in the old days when they could only lend depositor's money, in the era of "money is just a number in a digital ledger" they literally create the money they're lending, which they destroy when the loan gets repayed. All this is well recognized in Economics circles - you can read a Bank Of England's paper on this from 2014 called Money Creation In The Modern Economy.
So in practice non-existing money is used to create value (for example when a loan to a company is used to buy machinery that increases their production) which adds to GDP because people are doing work for nothing and goods are being exchanged for nothing, only it's not nothing, it's trade tokens created out of thin air and the whole thing works as long as everybody believes it in the value those trade tokens represent, just like at one point they did about tulip bulbs.
The point being that a lot of this shit is done on top of an ever "taller and thinner" house of cards and the present day official "success numbers" like GDP are tied to the whole thing keeping on going: any country that pulls back on Debt will see less "money" being created, circulating and being used to create the value that gets listed in GDP so GDP goes down or not as fast up, so opposition politicians claim the party in power is "bad for the Economy".
This thing then also feds into and out of speculative bubbles - for example a house "worth" more due to price speculation (i.e. with no improvement whatsoever hence no actual real value increase) when sold is neutral in direct money terms (money just moves from buyer to seller) but generally most of the money from the buyer to the seller is actually created from nothing in a loan so it not only do higher house prices incentivise more money being created but also, indirectly because buyers have access to more money to buy houses thanks to the availability of pretty much (there are some limits, such as bank capital requirements) infinite money for loans, more money for buying houses puts Buy-side pressure on that market which unbalances the Offer-Demand towards Demand hence house prices go up - in other words, it's a positive feedback circle (which goes a long way to explain why there are house price bubbles in almost all Western countries).
Of course, the really funny bit is that ever less of such loaned money goes into things that do create real value (like my example of machinery used to increase a company's production) and ever more goes into activities that destroy value (loans for consumption) or offsetting inbalances in the Economy (workers whose salaries are so low that need to get ever more in debt merelly to pay for food and shelter) and bidding up prices in speculative bubbles (for example, "realestate investors" using mainly loans to"invest" in properties or companies using debt to buy their own stock).
When this shit blows it's going to be something else.