Linux

Unsure whether it fits with the rest, but I'd argue it is an innovative and very compelling 'standard' that is competing with everything else mentioned in this thread.

So, the basic idea is as follows: if it is so difficult to deal with the loss of the main package manager found on the mutable/traditional variant, why don't we pursuit ways to not lose it in the first place and thus try to make it coexist (somehow) with the atomic model. Enter RakuOS's hybrid design in which everything installed through dnf is overlayed persistently over the bootc-managed base system.

All of the methods have big issues but I would still prefer them over messing with a mutable system

• snap is likely the most secure by avoiding user namespaces, using AppArmor only and thus being very flexible (also for use for kernels, drivers, browsers ...)
• flatpak has the biggest amount of officially maintained packages, but packaging is often really bad, runtime extensions arent really a thing, instead people just put ffmpeg binaries in their packaged and think that is fine. Flatpak does consume quite some disk space and more importantly RAM for the duplicated things
• nix doesnt have any of these, but sandboxing is hard, there is either stable or unstable, changing and configuring things is very complex. Likely no official packages. Still the method I prefer.
• homebrew idk? Never tried, mac focused and with more and more linux features like sandboxing. No idea
• distrobox/toolbox is pretty hacky, relies on entire distros running in parallel with no shared anything (currently, afaik bootc deduplication is kind of planned but kind of difficult too). Updates dont really work so either you go declarative with podman compose or distrobox-assemble, or you use rolling distros. Also they share your homedir by default so they will clutter and mess up your dotfiles which is a problem nobody deals with. Dotfile backup tools exist but are kinda complex. Distrobox has a config but the creator doesnt seem to want to make it the default, neither do downstreams.
• Appimages just suck, back to the windows way but without developer signature verification (like Windows) or secure updates (like .apk files on Android)

Preface: I have been daily driving Fedora Atomic for the last couple of years and have also used a bit of Aeon and NixOS.

My opinion is that while atomic/immutable desktops are overall a good idea, they are marred by poor planning, a refusal to fix existing tools, and some cope.

There are way too many package managers and waste in this space. I think flatpak is a large cause of all this friction due to fact that it is always "sandboxed" and only focuses on GUI apps. The fact that it does not aim to support CLI apps (despite being able to handle them quite well!) means that we must have another tool, traditionally podman via toolbox/distrobox. The sandbox doesn't play well with certain subsets of apps, notably things like VSCode. At least Flatpak Next seems like it will address this part with its unsandboxed mode.

I also find it quite strange how some developers revel in wasted space and inefficiency. So many duplicated libraries between the host, flatpak, podman, and homebrew. With better planning, we could've had shared runtimes (such as Freedesktop) between the OS, flatpak, and whatever CLI package manager. Instead we have something like Fedora packages for the host OS and podman (not shared), flatpak using Freedesktop, and brew shipping their own stuff.

I also think that systemd sysexts are poorly designed, it's crazy they're being pushed. It's pretty much a package manager without dependency management. And for what upsides? It has no sandboxing, it's not portable between distros and distro versions, and must vendor dependencies to work around having no concept of dependencies. And we're already seeing fragmentation with Fedora and OpenSUSE working on their own frontends to manage sysexts.

did you know about pkgforge repo? it’s an interesting project however, even package managers for portable formats are sort of fragmented

I don’t like depending on GitHub so I don’t consider GPM, Soar and AM seem too similar… and I still have to understand what makes dbin stand out