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For the backup scenario in particular, it makes sense to pipe them through right to the destination. Like,
tar -zcv somefiles | ssh $homeserver dd of=backup.tar.gz
, ormysqldump | gzip -c | ssh $homeserver dd of=backup.sql.gz
. Since it's basically a download from your home server's perspective it should be pretty fast, and you don't need temporary space at all on the VPS.File caching might be a little tricky. You might be best self host some kind of object storage and put varnish/NGINX/dedicated caching proxy software in front of it on your VPS, so it can cache the responses but will ultimately forward to the home server over VPN if it doesn't have it cached.
If you use NextCloud for your photos and videos and stuff, it can use object storage instead of local filesystem, so it would work with that kind of setup.