By default they use protocols specific to outlook/exchange/365. Sometimes referred to as activesync or outlook anywhere, which encapsulates their own protocol (I think it's MAPI?) Over an HTTPS tunnel.

These technologies have had a lot of names.

In the past few years 365 also requires TLS 1.2 at least, and oauth. Oauth is when a mini browser window pops up for your 2FA info, like ms authenticator or duo or whatever your organisation is using. The nice thing about oauth is that it's compatible with many identity providers, not just MS. The bad thing is that it's fairly unique that outlook supports it. I don't know of any other email clients that support it....

Even if you can get passed the login, most mail clients don't support MAPI over HTTPS the way that outlook does. There are some android/iPhone apps that support it, but that's not universal either; the naming can fluctuate between the options I've mentioned earlier.

The only good way to get this done (speaking as someone who has had to help someone get it working), the organizational email admin needs to enable either pop or (preferably) IMAP, and assign an application password to it. This password is long and usually a string of random characters. It gets saved to your email client software and it is used nowhere else. It's been a long time since I've done this and I'm not sure it's still supported like this.

I hope that gives you more information as to the challenge ahead of you.

Good luck.