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The crackdown is broad and systematic, and extends beyond democracy movements. Over 300 people have been arrested in national security cases since June 2020, with around 200 formally charged and dozens convicted. Prosecuted people include activists, community organisers, former legislators, journalists and student leaders. In one significant case, 47 pro-democracy activists and politicians were prosecuted for organising an unofficial primary election in 2020, which in a democracy would be considered normal political activity.
Suppression extends beyond organised opposition to basic civic engagement. After a major fire in November 2025, at least five people who questioned government responsibility and demanded accountability were arrested or detained. Even trivial activities now carry national security implications.
Independent civil society is being dismantled and replaced with state-aligned structures, mirroring mainland China’s model. The government has created state-aligned community committees and fire-prevention mutual aid committees that extend monitoring and political management into everyday community life. Control is no longer exercised only through top-down enforcement but through bottom-up networks embedded in local communities.
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The diaspora has become the primary vehicle for organised civic resistance. Exiled journalists report on seditious topics and counter government disinformation. Organisations such as the Committee for Freedom in Hong Kong Foundation and Washington DC-based Hong Kong Watch conduct advocacy and sanctions campaigns.
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Reversing this process will be a long-term effort, not achievable through any single policy change. Domestically, it is key to preserve an accountability culture, civic identity and historical memory. Hong Kong’s diaspora preserves the memory that Hong Kong was once defined by freedom of expression, rule of law and a vibrant civil society.
Internationally, governments must recognise that this is not only a local issue but a challenge to international norms and the advance of a broader authoritarian governance model. Responses must include sustained diplomatic pressure, coordinated sanctions against those responsible for abuses, legal frameworks to address transnational repression and stronger protections for diaspora communities and independent media.
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