Well the reason is listed in your screenshot: bad signal while Mail was active or worked in the background.
Nothing kills the battery more than bad cell reception, as the phone has to put more effort and therefore energy into upholding communication.
As most of your consumption seems to be while the screen is off turn off background refresh for mail to A/B test if power drain goes back to normal levels. Alternatively dial back how often Mail should fetch new mail.
I’ve had an iPhone 15 Pro Max since October 2023. I’m happy with it and would like to use it for a few more years.