I'll give it a try.

Wrestling moderator had to legalise bankrupt shady business practices of his, American rule of law now under scrutiny

I have to pass on this one. Trump has dabbled in wrestling but not as a moderator? Other shady wrestling personalities have dabbled in politics, but not with much effect?

Castillian second-row aristocracy ran out of land to conquer, wiped out half a double-continent.

This is about the conquistadores, the Spanish and Portuguese fighters who devastated South America. The "spanish" had spent centuries (re-)conquering the Iberian Peninsula. Aristocrats are warlords. If they don't inherit wealth, they have to earn it through fighting in war.

Pirates sack ship with proposal about measurement units, spaceship crashes hundreds of years later.

At least 1 space probe has crashed because of failures to convert between metric and some regionally used unit. Metric was, as everyone knows, invented during and by the French Revolution.

I had to look up the pirate thing. Snopes rates it as false: https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/metric-system-pirates/

Some Englishman invents a machine, climate dies.

James Watt, inventor of the steam engine. That, more or less, kicked off the age of fossil fuels.

Patent bureau clerk discovers science to overkill humanity, build cameras/solar cells and dictates speed of light as speed limit to everyone

Albert Einstein. He made physicists understand that there was a lot of boom in nuclear reactions with his famous E=mc^2. He also explained the photoelectric effect. But I think the speed limit thing is Emmy Noether, an absolutely badass woman.

Army command sends rebellious guy to enemy state in a train package, link aggregator gets build.

Lenin. He was in exile in Switzerland. During WW1, when things were revolutionary but Russia was still fighting Germany, the german army let him travel through their territory in a sealed wagon to Russia, so that he would knock Russia out of the war.