Hardware

the reason why it works with (some) 2.5" drives is because theyre often spinning slower or designed to use less power. it's why sometimes in order to get enough current, you would need a Y splitter to draw power from 2 usb ports if it doesnt have its own power supply.

though assuming internally youre powering it with a sata data and sata power cable, don't see what that configuration didn't work. if that one didnt work, id imagine its a dead drive.

for the record, if you're plugging it into a standard USB-A port, a typical usb A port is 5V 0.5A connection. the drive specifically requires 0.8A if using 5V (as the label says so), so if your adapter is single USB, its not going to properly power it.