Books

Goldman, Peter Louis. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. 2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, 1979.

Joseph, Peniel. The Sword and the Shield: The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Basic Books, 2020.

Malcolm X with Haley, Alex. Autobiography of Malcolm X. 1965.

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Resources

https://youtu.be/h4PqLKWuwyU

https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Voices-of-a-Generation-Malcolm-X-and-Martin-Luther-King-Jr.pdf

https://www.livescience.com/martin-luther-king-jr-and-malcolm-x-similarities.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/12/901632573/black-power-scholar-illustrates-how-mlk-and-malcolm-x-influenced-each-other

https://www.npr.org/2023/05/15/1175833143/mlk-martin-luther-king-jr-malcolm-x-quote-biography

https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-malcolm-x-meeting

https://lbj.utexas.edu/black-power-scholar-illustrates-how-mlk-and-malcolm-x-influenced-each-other

https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/imagining-the-martin-luther-king-and-malcolm-x-debate-that-never-happened.html

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/learning-from-malcolm-x.htm

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/02/20/691298594/the-power-of-martin-luther-king-jr-s-anger

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After Malcolm X broke ties with the separatist Muslim movement, he began to speak more reverently of the viewpoints of Martin Luther King Jr. He publicly acknowledged, "Dr. King wants the same thing I want - freedom!"

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King defended Black people to white people, conveying that Black people desired inclusion in the body politic and citizenship, not Black supremacy or revenge. Likewise, he defended white people to Black people, emphasizing the presence of many good white individuals who fought alongside the movement and contributed to the pursuit of Black citizenship.

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In a speech in 1963, King responded to Malcolm X's labeling him an Uncle Tom by asserting that nonviolence was a weapon of strength. He viewed nonviolence as a powerful and courageous approach, capable of transforming America against its will.

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While King had armed guards during the Montgomery bus boycott after his home was firebombed, he usually did not have his own people armed. Nevertheless, there were civil rights activists in the Deep South who, although not directly associated with his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, protected him and other demonstrators against racial terror.

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His idea of separatism involved Black people fostering self-love and confidence, organizing and building parallel institutions. Due to the pervasive disease of racism in America, racial integration into American democracy was impossible.

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Malcolm X then became a convert to the Nation of Islam and significantly raised the religious movement’s profile, preaching his message first on street corners and then moving to larger venues as the movement grew in popularity.

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The Nation of Islam preached self-reliance, non-destructive behavior, strict discipline, and advocated for the eventual repatriation of blacks to Africa to achieve true liberation from white supremacy. In 1950, having fully embraced the teachings, Malcolm replaced his birth surname "Little" with "X," symbolizing the African family name that had been denied to him.

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As Civil Rights protests spread across the South and the nation, King continued to blend peaceful methods of protest with his theological training, striving for equal rights for African Americans. On August 28, 1963, King participated in the March on Washington, a rally where 250,000 people of all races expressed their support for the civil rights bill pending in Congress.

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In 1955, Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a prominent voice in the Civil Rights movement when he assumed leadership of the Montgomery Improvement Association as a newly appointed pastor in Montgomery, Alabama. The association was formed to coordinate the Montgomery bus boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to relinquish her bus seat to a white passenger.

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These two men became each other's "alter ego." Malcolm X injected political radicalism into the national scene, which made Dr. King and his movement more acceptable to mainstream Americans.

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