You’re usually looking for some type of Georgists

Georgism is actually a very interesting political philosophy. I hadn't heard of it before you mentioned it in your comment. Thank you for sharing!

“natural monopolies” or “Tragedy of the Commons”

These are, indeed, two very important, and critical issues. When one is advocating for libertarianism, capitalism, and the like, they mustn't be ignored.

If I refined chemicals in my house and dumped all the waste in my neighbor’s pool, I’m not actually competing in an even market, because I’ve burdened my neighbor with the cost of waste remediation while I get to keep all the profit.

This point doesn't actually hold much, if any, ground, as it is fundamentally at odds with the philosophy of libertariansim. Libertarianism is about equal freedom of the individual, yes, but that does not grant one the right to burden other's with un-consented cost.