Programming

Discussion
Our main finding is that using AI to complete tasks that require a new skill (i.e., knowledge of a new Python
library) reduces skill formation.
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The erosion of conceptual understanding, code reading, and debugging skills that we measured among participants using AI assistance suggests that workers acquiring new skills should be mindful of their reliance on AI during the learning process.
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Among participants who use AI, we find a stark divide in skill formation outcomes between high-scoring interaction patterns (65%-86% quiz score) vs low-scoring interaction patterns (24%-39% quiz score). The high scorers only asked AI conceptual
questions instead of code generation or asked for explanations to accompany generated code; these usage
patterns demonstrate a high level of cognitive engagement.
Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we did not observe a significant performance boost in task completion
in our main study.
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Our qualitative analysis reveals that our finding is largely due to the heterogeneity in how participants decide to use AI during the task.
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These contrasting patterns of AI usage suggest that accomplishing a task with new knowledge or skills does not necessarily lead to the same productive gains as tasks that require only existing knowledge.
Together, our results suggest that the aggressive incorporation of AI into the workplace can have negative impacts on the professional development workers if they do not remain cognitatively [ sic ] engaged. Given time constraints and organizational pressures, junior developers or other professionals may rely on AI to complete tasks as fast as possible at the cost of real skill development. Furthermore, we found that the biggest difference in test scores is between the debugging questions. This suggests that as companies transition to more AI code writing with human supervision, humans may not possess the necessary skills to validate and debug AI-written code if their skill formation was inhibited by using AI in the first place.