What version of Linux does Fedora install?

Whatever resides in its repositories for the specific release of Fedora. What exactly do you need the specific version for? I'm sorry, but this question sounds as if you were trying to imitate some kind of savvyness.

Is it directly compatible with Windows software such as games and OBS,

Linux doesn't present Windows NT ABI, if that is your question. It's a different operating system, and it would be a very weird expectation of it to do that.

or does it require modifications/compatibility installations such as WINE?

Wine is a userland implementation of Windows subsystem for NT, only for Unix-likes.

So yes, if you want to run Windows applications, you are going to use Wine.

Does it have documented support online or is it a matter of haunting forums and such for when problems occur?

Good documentation is present, unlike with Windows. Haunting forums is generally not our way of doing things. However, that will yield better results than Windows, too.

And no matter how solid an OS is, I will tend to break it, generally by doing stupid shit, but I will break it. Before putting it back together. Which is generally how I tend to learn software.

I'm not sure you're an adult. I'm also not sure you've written a single line of code in your life.