History

In 1958, during the Brussels World’s Fair, Expo 58 (one of the largest and most famous expositions of the 20th century, where the famous Atomium was built), a so-called “Congolese Village” (village indigène or Kongorama) was organized in the “Tropical Gardens” section dedicated to the Belgian Congo (then still a Belgian colony). Approximately 598 people were brought there from the Congo (273 men, 128 women, and 197 children—entire families). During the day, about 120 of them were displayed in the reconstructed “village” behind a bamboo fence, dressed in “traditional” clothing.

Expo 58 ran from April 17th to October 19th, 1958, but the “village” was closed early—already in July 1958 (about 2–3 months after opening). The reason: the Congolese people (many of whom were educated city dwellers, not the “primitive natives” they were positioned as) began openly protesting the humiliation. Visitors threw bananas and money at them, insulted them, and mocked them. The people refused to tolerate it, staging strikes and demanding proper treatment. As a result, the organizers (the Belgian Ministry of Colonies) were forced to send them back to the Congo ahead of schedule to avoid a scandal.

The “human zoo” with the Congolese operated at a time when humanity had already entered the space age. (Meaning: approximately 6 months and 13 days passed between the launch of Sputnik 1 and the opening of the exhibition.)

Leningrad. Autumn 1941, the beginning of the blockade. In a wooden house designed for 4 apartments, all the food had run out.

The yard dog, Trezor (a mix between a terrier and a hound), also felt hunger. Only water remained in his bowl.

The residents expected the dog to leave them.

But Trezor did not abandon the people. Every morning, he began to leave the outskirts of the city and return with prey: first a hare, then other small game, but mostly he brought back hares.

This was enough to cook soup or broth for everyone. Four families lived in the house, totaling 16 people (adults and children). Thanks to Trezor, none of them died of starvation throughout the entire blockade.

The dog survived the blockade, but sadly, not for long.

In June 1945, Trezor left for a hunt out of habit, but returned an hour later, leaving a trail of blood.

The dog had stepped on a mine left over from the blockade era. Trezor hobbled back to his home courtyard and died in the arms of the people he had saved throughout the entire war.

The year 1914. The Russian Empire enters World War I. Nicholas II makes a risky decision. He introduces total Prohibition. All alcohol stores are shut down. The country is obliged to welcome the New Year of 1915 sober.

The Tsar thought the people would go to church, but instead, they went full Breaking Bad. The common folk, deprived of alcohol, began drinking anything that burned. Denatured alcohol, furniture polish, and even cologne came into use. Hospitals were overflowing with poisoned individuals. People went blind and lost their minds from surrogates.

But the most terrifying developments occurred among the Petersburg elite. Aristocrats didn’t drink surrogates. They turned to “maraffet.” This was the term used for cocaine in the Russian Empire. At that time, it was freely sold in pharmacies as a remedy for toothache and depression.

The result of the Tsar’s “Healthy Lifestyle Initiative” turned out to be a catastrophe. The treasury lost almost a third of its budget and hundreds of lives.

In 1925, the Soviet government capitulated. Prohibition was repealed. State-produced vodka appeared on the shelves, which the people nicknamed “Rykivka” in honor of the USSR minister Alexey Rykov.

New York. The Roaring Twenties. Jazz! But Prohibition is in effect across the country. Yet, people are preparing to welcome 1927 with a glass of champagne. Nobody knows that the government has prepared a deadly gift for them.

Since proper alcohol was unavailable, bootleggers stole industrial alcohol intended for paints and lacquers and attempted to purify it.

The authorities knew about this. And so, the federal government issued a radical order: make the industrial alcohol lethally poisonous to deter people from drinking.

Kerosene, chloroform, and the most deadly substance—methanol—were added to the formula for the industrial alcohol.

The celebration begins. People raise their glasses in speakeasies. By morning, the hospitals of New York are overflowing.

The symptoms are the same for everyone. First, hallucinations, then complete blindness, followed by respiratory paralysis and death. Doctors were horrified. They could do nothing.

The main proponent of Prohibition, Wayne Wheeler, stated: “The person who drinks this industrial alcohol is a deliberate suicide. The Government is under no obligation to furnish the people with alcohol that is drinkable when the Constitution prohibits it.”

In total, over 10,000 Americans died during this Chemists’ War.

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.world/post/43462600

This map shows the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa and across the globe, with very approximate dates.

Author: Altaileopard in 2006

Leningrad. Winter 1941. In the center of this hell, in the zoo, lived a female hippopotamus named “Beauty.”

She required 40 kg of food and 300 liters of water per day to live. For a city dying of starvation, maintaining a two-ton animal was an unjustifiable luxury.

The water pipelines had been destroyed during air raids, causing her pool to dry up. A hippo’s skin dries out without water, cracks, and begins to bleed. The animal, covered in sores, quietly groaned in the corner of the empty pool, dying from pain and hunger.

Her salvation came in the form of a woman named Evdokia Dashina. Every day, she walked to the Neva River (the river upon which St. Petersburg is built) with a small sled and brought back 40 buckets of ice-cold water, which was then warmed on a potbelly stove.

Evdokia spent hours bathing the animal’s hide with warm water and rubbing camphor oil into the cracks to stop the bleeding.

There was nothing to feed her with. Dashina took sawdust, added a little grass, oilcake (press cake), and potato peels, which she then boiled into a homogeneous mash. This gruel was used to stuff the beast’s stomach to trick its hunger.

When the night raids began, amidst the roar of artillery and the wail of sirens, Evdokia would descend to the bottom of the empty pool, hug Beauty around the neck, and lie down next to her on the cold concrete. Only in these embraces would the beast, driven mad by fear, calm down.

Beauty survived the blockade. She passed away in 1951 from old age.

December 1941. The Siege of Leningrad. The city is under continuous shelling. The ration is 125 grams of bread per day. That year, the command made a desperate decision: to arrange a holiday for the children. A single train car filled with tangerines was sent from Georgia (a country in the Caucasus region; not the 14th state) to the besieged city.

The final leg of the journey was across the “Road of Life” over the ice of Lake Ladoga. The driver behind the wheel was Maxim Tverdokhleb. On the ice, the truck was spotted by two Nazi aircraft, and they began their hunt. Maxim maneuvered, but bullets pierced the cabin.

The windshield shattered into fragments. The temperature outside was -20°C (-4°F). Stopping was impossible; the truck would become an easy target. Only through sheer persistence did Maxim reach his destination, but he no longer had the strength to leave the cabin and was almost unconscious. Soldiers carried the driver out by hand and urgently rushed him to the hospital.

The truck was found to have 49 bullet holes, but the cargo remained intact. These tangerines were distributed to children for Christmas in bomb shelters and hospitals.

For many young Leningrad residents, this bright orange sphere and its aroma became the last joyful memory in their short lives…

February 1942. Leningrad is dying of starvation.

Daniil Kytinen (Finnish: Daniel Kytönen) is a baker. He works in a workshop that smells of life and warm bread. Thousands of loaves pass through his hands during every shift. The smell drives him insane. His stomach twists in spasms. It seems simple enough: “to pinch off a tiny piece of warm crumb, no one would notice.” But Daniil doesn’t take a single gram. He knows that every gram of flour is someone’s life. He bakes bread for others while turning into a living skeleton himself.

On February 3rd, right during his shift, the baker collapsed and never got up again. Doctors officially stated the cause of death as “dystrophy”.

Daniil Kytinen died of hunger while holding tons of food. He proved that even in hell, one can remain a human being with a clear conscience. His name was entered into the Blockade Memorial Book. It was a quiet act of heroism. But it was people like him, who honestly did their duty in hell, that allowed Leningrad to endure.

Initially, they tried to build the metro using the cut-and-cover method. That is, they dug huge trenches across the streets. Because of this, the city was paralyzed, and historical buildings suffered significant damage. The construction curator, Lazar Kaganovich, was furious. Authoritative engineers offered excuses: “Moscow’s geology is terrible. Groundwater will flood everything.”

And then, a young engineer named Veniamin Makovsky appeared. He declared: “Digging up the streets is nonsense! We need to go 40 meters deep and drill tunnels using a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), just like in London.”

The old professors rejected his idea, stating, “The pressure will crush the workers!”

At that time, arguing with authorities was unthinkable. But Makovsky took a major gamble. He personally pushed his idea through to Kaganovich. Realizing he had nothing to lose, Lazar presented the project to Stalin.

The authorities made an unexpected decision: to trust the young engineer. The USSR purchased one Tunnel Boring Machine from England, disassembled it, and, using reverse engineering, created their own copies. To prevent groundwater from flooding the workers, the ground was frozen using a solution of calcium chloride with a negative temperature, which circulated through special pipes.

A young Party leader, Nikita Khrushchev, personally descended into the shafts and stood knee-deep in icy mud, solving problems on site.

The metro opened in 1935. Makovsky turned out to be right with his project. For the first 20 years, the Moscow Metro was named not after Lenin, but after Lazar Kaganovich—the man whose iron will made this project come true.

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.world/post/43392595

Georgy Malenkov. You don’t know him, yet he was.

Stalin is dead. Georgy assumes the highest state post—Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The country is under collective leadership. Power is divided among three men: Malenkov controls the state apparatus, Beria controls the security services, and Khrushchev controls the Party.

Against them, Georgy appears to be a mild-mannered bureaucrat, but this is deceptive. He went through the harsh Stalinist school.

Everyone fears Beria. His ambitions threaten the others. Georgy is no lone hero. He enters into a conspiracy with Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov.

Right there in the Kremlin, the military arrests Beria. Georgy, as the head of the meeting, sanctions the execution, and Beria is shot. The path is clear, but the allies will soon become enemies.

Georgy bets on the people and their needs. He declares: “Enough building only weapons; we need food and clothing.” He cuts taxes and allows small-scale entrepreneurship. Shop shelves noticeably begin to fill up. A saying even emerged among the people: “Malenkov has arrived, and we ate Blinks” (the rhyme is in Russian).

However, the real power belonged to Nikita Khrushchev, who controlled the Party’s personnel. Khrushchev outmaneuvered Malenkov in the cabinet intrigues, accusing him of inexperience and past mistakes. In 1955, Georgy was removed from the post of Prime Minister. He attempted to regain power but ultimately lost.

He was sent to Kazakhstan to work as the director of a power station. Later, he retired and died in Moscow in 1988, remaining in the shadow of Stalin and Khrushchev.

Let me tell you briefly. The Revolution destroyed the Russian Empire. However, the First World War was still ongoing. German troops broke through the front line and were advancing towards Petrograd. The old Imperial Army had effectively disintegrated. Soldiers, weary of the war, were heading home. There was almost no one left to defend the capital.

The Bolsheviks raised the alarm. On February 22nd, Lenin issued an emergency decree: “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!” and an urgent mobilization began.

Rifles were handed out on the streets. Workers, peasants, and sailors signed up as volunteers. A decree to establish the new “Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army” had been signed back in January, but now its formation proceeded at an accelerated pace.

In those days, battles raged near Pskov and Narva. Hastily assembled volunteer detachments held back the Kaiser’s advancing troops. Although the German offensive could not be stopped in a single day, these battles became a symbol of resistance.

On February 23rd, mass volunteer enrollment into the Red Army took place in Petrograd and Moscow. This day was later chosen to celebrate the anniversary of the founding of the Red Army.

The date became a symbol. Initially, the holiday was called “Red Army Day,” and later “Soviet Army and Navy Day.” Today, in the CIS countries, it is known as “Defender of the Fatherland Day.”

From frozen volunteers with rifles to modern drone operators, the name has changed, but the essence remains the same. It is the day for those who are ready to take up arms and go to war

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.world/post/43355550

The Victoria and Albert Museum acquired the first-ever YouTube video. The 170-year-old London museum is dedicated to applied arts and design, and a more typical exhibit might be a Renaissance tapestry or a piece of ornate Japanese furniture. But the museum has been building a digital collection, including GIFs from WeChat. The YouTube video (“Me at the Zoo”) will be displayed on a period-appropriate front end, using archived code, and with banner ads from the time. It also required careful reconstruction, because in the prehistory of 2005, the web still ran on Adobe Flash. YouTube’s early decisions “created interaction design patterns for social media and other platforms still in use today,” the V&A said, making the video a valuable historical artifact.

Source

Louis P. Bénézet's map of "Europe As It Should Be" (1918), depicting nations based on ethnic and linguistic criteria. Bénézet's book The World War and What was Behind It (1918) blamed the war on German aggression combined with perceived threats to the traditional social order from radicals and ethnic nationalists.