Research Breakdown: Sudan’s Blood Visible from Space
Research Organization
Yale Humanitarian Research Lab (HRL) at Yale School of Public Health
- Led by Nathaniel Raymond, Executive Director
- Uses satellite imagery analysis combined with open-source intelligence (OSINT)
- Primary satellite imagery providers: Airbus Defence and Space, Vantor
Report Links:
What Happened: The Fall of El-Fasher
Location: El-Fasher, capital of North Darfur, western Sudan
Timeline:
- 18-month siege by Rapid Support Forces (RSF) beginning around April 2024
- October 26-27, 2025: RSF captured the city after the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) withdrew
- First 72 hours: Mass killings documented through satellite imagery
- Population trapped: ~250,000-260,000 civilians besieged; only ~65,000 escaped
Key Findings from Satellite Analysis
Visual Evidence Detected from Space:
- Reddish-brown ground discoloration consistent with blood-soaked soil
- Multiple patches large enough to be visible from satellite imagery
- Discoloration not present in previous satellite images taken before October 26
- Clusters of white objects measuring 1.3-2.0 meters
- Consistent with human bodies lying horizontally
- Found across multiple locations throughout the city
- Locations where bodies/blood were detected:
- Residential neighborhoods (especially Daraja Oula district)
- Saudi Hospital grounds (last functioning hospital)
- Former Children’s Hospital (RSF detention center)
- Red Crescent Society offices
- Military bases (6th Division HQ, 157th Artillery Brigade)
- Along the earthen wall (berm) surrounding the city
- University grounds and medical science laboratory
Tactical Patterns Observed:
RSF military vehicles (technicals - gun-mounted trucks) consistently positioned near body clusters, indicating:
- Systematic house-to-house clearance operations
- Controlled movement and execution sites
- Deliberate positioning for mass killings
Evidence of fleeing civilians being targeted:
- 28 destroyed vehicles along escape routes
- Body clusters along roads and near the defensive berm
- Objects resembling bodies near vehicles attempting to flee
Methodology
Data Fusion Approach:
- High-resolution satellite imagery analysis
- Open-source intelligence (social media, local reports)
- Video verification from multiple sources
- Witness testimony correlation
- Temporal analysis (comparing imagery across days)
Limitations acknowledged by researchers:
- Limited data availability in Sudan conflict zones
- Reporting bias from those able to communicate
- Difficulty assessing detention, sexual violence without ground access
- Satellite imagery limited by available coverage and angles
Scale of Violence
Estimated casualties:
- Yale HRL: Described as comparable to 1994 Rwanda genocide in velocity
- Local defense groups: Over 2,000 civilians killed in first 48 hours
- Sudan War Monitor: Estimated 3,000+ deaths by October 30
- Researchers: Likely tens of thousands killed in the first week
- WHO: 460+ executions at Saudi Hospital alone
Nathaniel Raymond’s assessment:
“We have never seen a velocity of violence at this scale… The level of violence and number of incidents in Darfur exceed anything I have seen so far.”
Patterns of Atrocities Documented
- Gender-based targeting:
- Men separated from women and children
- Reports of men being executed after separation
- Women and children raped while fleeing
- Medical facility attacks:
- Saudi Hospital: Mass executions of wounded patients and staff
- Red Crescent offices stormed, medics forced into combat vehicles
- All hospitals rendered non-functional
- Systematic ethnic cleansing:
- Targeting of Fur, Zaghawa, and Berti ethnic groups
- House-to-house clearances in specific neighborhoods
- Racial epithets used in RSF videos of killings
- Prevented escape:
- 57-kilometer berm wall entrapping population
- Checkpoints where fleeing civilians were killed
- Communications blackout preventing information flow
Historical Context
RSF Origins:
- Descended from Janjaweed militias responsible for 2003-2005 Darfur genocide
- Previously called “devils on horseback” for rape and murder campaigns
- Now use trucks, drones, and modern weapons instead of horses
Current Conflict:
- Sudan civil war began April 2023
- Power struggle between SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (“Hemedti”)
- 12+ million displaced, considered world’s worst humanitarian crisis
- 30 million need emergency aid
US Determination:
- January 2025: US State Department determined RSF committed genocide in Darfur
International Response
Geopolitical Backing:
- United Arab Emirates (UAE) supplies RSF with weapons, drones, funds, and mercenaries
- British-manufactured arms components recovered from RSF combat zones
- IL-76 cargo aircraft (linked to UAE resupply) documented near El-Fasher
International Statements:
- Tom Fletcher (UN Under-Secretary-General): “Blood on the sand… Blood on [our] hands”
- German Foreign Minister: Called it “absolutely an apocalyptic situation, the greatest humanitarian crisis of the world”
- Peace talks sponsored by US stalled when UAE refused to address El-Fasher situation
Legal Framework:
Yale HRL assessment: Actions may constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide
Current Situation (as of early November 2025)
- RSF controls all five Darfur state capitals
- Sudan effectively split east-west
- Most El-Fasher civilians remain “dead, captured, or in hiding”
- No large-scale movement of survivors detected
- Mass killings continuing through early November
- Communications blackout prevents accurate casualty counts
Comparative Historical Analysis
Raymond compared the velocity and systematic nature to:
- Rwanda 1994: ~800,000 killed by ethnic militias
- Current situation: Potentially exceeding Rwanda’s pace in affected areas
Sources & Further Reading
- ABC News Report on Blood Visible from Space
- NBC News: Visible from Space Analysis
- Yale HRL Official Reports
- Middle East Eye: Blood Splatter Visible from Space
- Al Jazeera: Yale Report Findings
- Globe and Mail: Signs of Massacres in Satellite Imagery
- CBS News: Mass Killing Continuing
- Kurdistan 24: Pools of Blood from Space
Note: This research represents one of the first documented instances where pools of human blood from mass killings were extensive enough to be detected and analyzed via commercial satellite imagery, marking a disturbing milestone in both conflict documentation and the scale of atrocities.